The Baroque began after the Renaissance, from the late 16th century to the late 17th century. Major Baroque painters included Caravaggio, who made strong use of shadowbrism. Peter Paul Rubens was a skilled painter who studied in Italy, worked in local churches in Antwerp, and painted a series for Marie de Medici. Annibale Carracci took influence from the Sistine Chapel and created the genre of illusory ceiling painting. Much of the development that occurred in the Baroque was caused by the Protestant Reformation and the resulting Counter-Reformation. Much of what defines the Baroque is dramatic lighting and general visual effects.